Germanium diode identification chart. A higher number indicates recent design.

Germanium diode identification chart A diode test drop of 100-400 says it's a schottky, a drop of 450-650 say it's an ordinary diode, & a drop of 700-950 says it's a zener. It is a semiconductor material that is widely used in electronic devices, such as transistors, detectors, and rectifiers. Could still be soviet, I don't think the anode marking was 100% with soviet product, but they could be western make as well. Shopping Guide >Shipping & Delivering > Refund & Return. Breakdown Voltage May 31, 2010 · AD 140 – A – Germanium, D- Audio frequency power amplifier AC 187 – A- Germanium, C- Audio frequency amplifier. 3V. Schottky - Used for precision and when voltage needs to be conserved Jan 17, 2024 · Identify the diode terminals: Determine which terminals of the diode are the anode (positive terminal) and cathode (negative terminal). THAT is the main reason germanium diodes GERMANIUM DIODES By SYLVANIA ELECTRIC PRODUCTS INC. 35 voltages, they can get as low as around 0. used in solar cells. Various methods, such as circuit symbol recognition, appearance characteristics, and multimeter testing, offer reliable ways to distinguish the two terminals. 3 V for Germanium diode) is produced across the pn junction as electrons give up an amount of energy equivalent to the barrier potential when they cross the depletion region. What Is a Diode? All normal diodes are electronic components that primarily feature two terminals through which electric current flows from one end to the other. Next to it is a 1N4148 signal diode. its bar has been removed with time. A point-contact diode does not require diffusion or epitaxial growth techniques, which are normally needed to produce a more traditional PN junction. Forward voltage Apr 26, 2023 · Check the multimeter display. 3V, making them useful in low-voltage applications. 2. It is interesting to compare the thermionic diode with the semiconductor diode. Typically, a silicon diode will have a VF around 0. Having low forward voltage drop results in a low power loss and a more Diode Cross-Reference Guide (continued) 1N970A 1N970B 1N971 1N971A 1N971B 1N972 1N972A 1N972B 1N973 1N973A 1N973B 1N97A 1N98 1N98A 1N99 1N993 1N994 1N995 1N997 1N999 Here, a reading of 0. Figure 1. You would use the created part as forward biased (as opposed to a zener - as reverse biased). Tel: +86-16625136617. Diode nomenclature and identification of polarity. Semiconductors, such as silicon or germanium, can be doped with small concentrations of specific impurities to yield a material which conducts electricity via electron transport (n-type) or via holes (p-type). 6 to 0. etc. This chart shows the pinout and data for OA70, OA79, OA81, OA91 germanium diodes. Our Diode LEDs, Schottky, Shockley, Crystal, Avalanche and Step Recovery Diodes. \$\endgroup\$ – diode applci atoi n handbook fundamentals, characteristics, applications design engineer’s guide Sep 18, 2024 · Diodes are two-terminal electronic devices / components that functions as a one-way switch i. According to the American system, the code begins with 2N followed by a number that indicates the time of design. 3815’2’0212 TK7871. May 18, 2022 · 1. Refer to the diode's datasheet or identification chart if you're unsure. Once you identify the bar. How Germanium Diode Works. The cathode terminal can be identified by using a grey bar as shown in the picture above. This material gives the diode its specific properties, such as a lower forward voltage drop compared to silicon diodes. In this section, we will provide an overview of a unique electronic component widely used in various applications – the 1n60 Germanium diode. , they allow current to flow only in one direction. 7 volts while germanium diodes have a voltage drop of around 0. Let’s see the steps for the LED diode anode cathode Discover the vintage poster print of a Germanium Diode Chemistry Function Wall Chart. And thus the name Crystal Diode Radio Sets is used by some instead of Crystal Radio sets. 2 volts. Mar 22, 2023 · Introduction to Germanium Diode. By the mid 1950s, the proprietary “CK” device identification was in transition for most Raytheon devices to the more standard “1N and 2N” industry style. patreon. The multimeter displays OL when a good diode is reverse-biased. 4 %âãÏÓ 1 0 obj >/Type/XObject/ColorSpace/DeviceGray/Subtype/Image/BitsPerComponent 1/Width 2368/Length 81087/Height 3200/Filter/CCITTFaxDecode>>stream & l Oct 11, 2020 · Si diode is a semiconductor diode which is having positive and negative charge polarity and allows the current to flow in only one direction. Germanium Signal Diodes – These have a low reverse resistance value giving a lower forward volt drop across the junction, typically only about 0. Germanium diodes have a lower forward voltage drop compared to silicon diodes, making them more suitable for low voltage applications. Jun 11, 2023 · The 1N34A Diode has a very simple pinout, with an Anode (marked A) and Cathode (marked K). Jul 6, 2023 · We’ll cover all you need to know about identifying diodes and how to tell their values from their color codes. 8 volts. Mark the terminal on which you identify the bar. Understanding a diode cracks the floodgate of understanding for complex semiconductor devices. Jul 26, 2023 · A semiconductor diode fabricated from germanium semiconductor material is called a germanium diode. But what if you need a diode that has a lower voltage? That is where a Germanium diode can be handy. Physical diode. Tube AA 110 or Röhre AA110 ID54949, Solid-State-Diode, Wires and Detector shown. As with transistors, diodes are fabricated from semi-conducting material. Germanium diodes, though less common, are chosen when lower forward voltage drops are necessary. While I've also seen soviet germanium diodes with single red stripes, the "cat whisker" is almost always the anode. The first letter is used to identify the material used in manufacturing the component (A - germanium, B - silicon), or, in case of letter Z, a Zener diode. Jan 15, 2010 · Also, if you have a mulimeter you can test & compare them with known diodes. Zener Diode Code Identification: Zener Diodes have an additional letter which will post-numbers . A germanium-based diode might be lower, around 0. Dec 2, 2023 · Identifying the anode and cathode of a diode is essential for proper circuit design. I am looking for identifying diodes like 1N60 and 1N34A. com/kainkalabsRogers sho Germanium diodes and silicon diodes are both types of semiconductor diodes commonly used in electronic circuits. The distinctive feature of germanium diodes is the semiconductor material from which they are made—germanium. The 1N34A Germanium Diode is an improved version of the 1N34 diode. Absolute Maximum Ratings: (TA = +25°C unless otherwise specified) The characteristics of a signal point contact diode are different for both germanium and silicon types and are given as: 1. Most silicon diodes will be 0. Various Types Of Diodes With Their Characteristics & Applications. Eg. 6V and a germanium diode has a forward voltage drop of 0. Volume 1 of The History of Crystal Diodes includes historic examples of three germanium crystal diode types which are similar in performance and construction to the original 1N34. Schottky diode. Reverse Bias Region In the reverse bias region there also exists two important areas that can be distinguished in relation to the amount of the current observed through the diode. If the voltage drop is outside of this range, the diode may be faulty or damaged. Light Emitting Diode - Emits a colored light based on the materials used internally; 2. Unique semiconductor material; Low forward Dec 9, 2024 · March 21st, 2018 - Zener Diode Identification Chart Zener Diode Color Bands Diode May 13th, 2018 - the use of germanium for diodes The above chart is a diode code it is written as 6C2 READING FROM TOP TO BOTTOM' 'zener diode value chart Bing pdfdirff com May 3rd, 2018 - Consult a diode color code chart and familiarize yourself with the coding system The Ads related to zener diode value chart Zener Diodes' 'Zener Diode Calculators EarMark May 13th, 2018 - UZ zeners are from Micro Semi Power Aug 15, 2016 · Silicon (Si) vs. The diode Dec 11, 2024 · Set your multimeter to diode mode and place the red probe on the anode (the positive side) and the black probe on the cathode (the negative side). I. Feb 28, 2005 · I need to replace a diode on an old PCB, the existing one being a 1N100 What's a suitable modern equivalent to this please? It's part of a video output circuit. In most diodes, a white or black painted band identifies the cathode into which electrons will flow when the diode is conducting. In the case of silicon diodes, the voltage drop will be up to 0. Similar to the silicon diode, a germanium diode is formed by joining a p-type germanium material with an n-type germanium material. Aug 27, 2020 · 1N4007 Equivalent Diodes. Perfect for teaching materials and home decor. 1N34A Features In some cases, standard color code bands are placed on the cathode end of the diode. Additional reading: The SMD Code Book (Free Download) The 1N34A is a point contact diode in a DO7 type package employing N − form Germanium and gives an e fficient and e xcellent l inearity when u sed in T V i mage detection, F M detection, r adio AM detection, Jan 3, 2024 · The germanium diode, also known as a point-contact diode, appears basic in many ways but has a few advantages. TVS Diodes. On the rectifier and Zener diodes you will be able to identify the n-type side, or the cathode, by the band, circling the package, as seen below. A silicon diode has a forward voltage drop of 0. Semiconductors — Handbooks, manuals, etc. The OL reading indicates the diode is functioning as an open switch. Each class has relative strengths and weaknesses. These results show you that the germanium diode consumes much less voltage than the silicon diode. May 16, 2021 · Addeddate 2021-05-16 20:36:52 Identifier rcatransistor-replacement-guide Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t89h6qc58 Ocr tesseract 5. g. Diode (ii) is a silicon diode for tuning applications (sometimes referred to as a 'varicap'. When the temperature is more than 70 degree, the germanium diode will conduct and trigger the NE555 timer through a transistor. 0-alpha-20201231-10-g1236 A good forward-based diode displays a voltage drop ranging from 0. They can be encased in glass, metal or a plastic housing. Schottky diodes have many switching sides and are used in SMPS as a reverse recovery or as a transition voltage impression diode. The thermionic diode starts to conduct at +0 volt, but in the high current end is suffering from plate resistance. A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction. A voltage drop equal to the barrier potential (0. Cross Reference information is based upon Diodes' marketing research. 6 and 0. Most manufacturers stamp the ID right on the diode but some do use color banding as the method of identification. The second and third letters specify the type and usage of the diode. International diode equivalents guide (BP 108) 1. On the far right is a Zener diode. This guide only covers silicon transistors you are trying to replace, not Germanium transistors. Germanium diodes have a lower forward voltage drop than silicon diodes. 8 volts for the most commonly used silicon diodes. The type of diode also has some importance in defining the forward voltage drop; light-emitting diodes Aug 18, 2024 · Germanium Point Contact Junction Diode in Sealed Glass Tube. These diodes have heavier clipping with more Detector efficiency for a germanium detector is often quoted in percent of that for a 3”x3 ” NaI(Tl) detector at a distance of 25 cm (for historical reasons) and generally for the 1332. Are you interested to get complete guide about its circuit diagram and working? A specific diode's VF depends on what semiconductor material it's made out of. germanium (Ge) semiconductor diodes– germanium is still the best crystal receivers, due to the extremely low forward voltage drop; 0. These diodes have the cathode striped. 3 V. Germanium Diodes. So to get near 5v use 7 standard diodes. Presently opposite the terminals of the meter that implies associate the red test to cathode and dark to anode. For purposes of alignment, the side with any color band closest to either side of the diode is the equivalent of the left side of this A silicon diode has an approximate value of V thr = 0. 6v-0. Radio tubes are valves. The two terminals of the diode are known as Anode and Cathode. Solid-state diodes are constructed using semiconductor p-n junctions. Each added diode gives another 0. This makes germanium diodes better suited for low voltage applications. So, the first letter in their identification is A for germanium diode or B for silicon diode. Depending on how a circuit is designed, it may rely on a diode with a very low forward voltage for best operation. If you’re testing germanium diodes, the voltage drop will be lower, around 0. 3v as opposed to 0. These are all-glass construction point-contact diodes. 3 volts. The other one is the positive anode – It is that simple; This method fails if you have a diode with no bar on it, i. reddit's community for DIY Pedal Builders! Nov 18, 2010 · Zener diodes also have additional characters which indicate the zener voltage (e. Schottky - were created to closely match Germanium Diode tolerances - and in fact go further - as these have typically the lowest rated Vf values - or as little as 0. This is the converse one-sided state of the diode where no ongoing courses through it. HI Hitachi Ltd. So any circuit that specifies a 1N34 Germanium Diode can be replaced with the 1N34A Germanium Diode. HS Helios Semiconductor HW Honeywell Semiconductor IC Industro Transistor Corp. So we may use germanium diode as a heat sensor. This model is called the offset diode model (or the 0. 2 and 0. 5 to 0. 7V for silicon diodes. The operation of a Jan 20, 2024 · Germanium Diodes. Shop now! On the rectifier and Zener diodes you will be able to identify the n-type side, or the cathode, by the band, circling the package, as seen below. 6-1V. Like all diodes, it has two electrodes: an anode and a cathode. com/roelvandepaarWith thanks & praise to God, and This is typically 0. 35 volts. Some people swear by germanium diodes, feeling they have a more organic sound. Mar 20, 2024 · Some common examples of Light Emitting Diode (LED) are SLR343WBC7T31XM, LN1471YTR, LB T66G-U1BA-59-Z, HLMP-BD06-P0000 etc. They have two leads: cathode (k) and an anode (A). I am looking for a suitable non-germanium diode replacement and understand schottky diodes can be a substitute. GX General Sensor Inc. This diode possesses distinctive properties that make it an essential part of many electronic circuits. 3V and a maximum reverse voltage of 75V. It's unlikely they are germanium but those would have a drop in the schottky range. Diode Fundamentals A diode is a two-terminal semiconductor device that conducts current primarily in one direction. Description. However, they differ in several aspects. The diodes in the above packages are the red epoxy type, and are labeled as either 1N66 or CK705. 5 keV line from 60 Co. It is typically around 0. The forward voltage drop of a germanium diode is lower than that of a silicon diode, typically around 0. Sep 26, 2013 · The conduction of germanium diode will start at 70 degrees. Example 1 Identify each of the following diodes: (i) AA113 (ii) BB105 (iii) BZY88C4V7 Diode (i) is a general purpose germanium diode. . Jul 26, 2024 · For germanium diodes this worth in the middle between 0. Germanium diode refers to a type of diode that is made from germanium, a metal-like element found in the earth’s crust. These diodes are known for their fast switching speed & low forward voltage drop. IL Intersil IN Intermetall/ITT Semiconductor Div. Varactor - A reverse-biased diode used as a capacitor; 5. If any transistor number is AC125 then it is a germanium transistor and if BC148 is a silicon transistor. The standard diode color code system is shown in figure 1-27. Jan 29, 2017 · 1N60P and 1N34A "Germanium-Diodes" sold on EBay are in fact most often Schottky-diodes. Infra-Red - Emits light at the infra-red spectrum; 4. Diode symbols in circuit diagrams, distinct markings, and multimeter readings provide valuable information for polarity identification, ensuring As was discussed earlier, semiconductor diodes are fabricated as a two layer structure forming a PN junction. Various semiconductor diodes. This is why our radio is called a crystal radio. 23v is shown, indicating that the diode will drop approximately 0. 7 volts for a silicon diode and between 0. Reverse breakdown is usefully applied in Zener diodes. These diodes are manufactured using semiconductor materials like Silicon, Germanium and Gallium Arsenide. You would never know it is a 2. 7 Volts. Review Diodes' datasheet to determine if the device is an exact drop-in replacement or similar device. Nov 22, 2015 · Just put several standard diodes in series, cathode-anode-cathode-anode. This terminal is negative cathode. The diode has a forward voltage of 0. Below is a summary of the included diodes: Feb 1, 2021 · They usually have a low maximum current rating and a medium-high forward voltage. Consult datasheets and manufacturer specifications: When in doubt, refer to available datasheets and manufacturer documentation for specific information about your diode and its characteristics. Germanium diodes have an intrinsically low forward voltage drop, typically 0. These types of diodes were used from general applications to specialized functions such as video signal detection, sound detector, and ratio detectors. 15Vf in some instances. 6-0. Germanium diodes typically have a forward voltage of about 0. Common diodes are made out of Silicon, which has specific properties that give rise to its forward voltage of 0. 6. 9V1 denotes 9. 1V). 3V to 0. 2 Background An ideal diode satis es two conditions: V = 0 when I > 0 and I = 0 when V < 0. - Semiconductor diode markings. 7 Volt model). Thanks Dec 6, 2024 · Germanium Diodes usually show an in-between voltage drop of 0. II International Devices Inc. the use of germanium for diodes, with the introduction in 1946 of the 1N34 – the first commercial germanium crystal diode. The voltage Vg is called the offset voltage. Title 621. Knowing where they came from might say something. For germanium diodes, the forward voltage is only 0. 3 V, compared to 0. Some germanium diodes have a voltage drop ranging from 0. Applications for Receivers Television Transmitters Test Instruments Remote Control Electronic Equipment Noise Limiters PoWer Supplies 40 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS Comprehensive Germanium Diode Characteristics Chart BERNARDS (PUBLISHERS) LTD. 6V and 0. 0. 7v. The liquid nitrogen not only provides a clean environment, but also keeps the germanium diodes at a For silicon diodes, the typical forward voltage is 0. If the diode is functioning correctly, the multimeter should show a voltage drop between 0. The instrument will identify the type of diode Point Contact Germanium Diode Description: The 1N34A is a point contact diode in a DO7 type package employing N−form Germanium and gives an efficient and excellent linearity when used in TV image detection, FM detection, radio AM detection, etc. 65K subscribers in the diypedals community. 2 Volts. The core of a 22 votes, 16 comments. Key Features. In that case, it may be necessary to use a germanium diode. 3v, but have a higher forward resistance value because of their small junction area. And some manufactures that make three color band diodes use the same color bands for different series of diodes. The multimeter will display a voltage drop. There are two main classes of semiconductor devices: silicon-based and germanium-based. 1N4148, 1N4733A, 1N5408, 1N5822, Zener Diodes . Feb 4, 2018 · How can I identify and distinguish Germanium diodes? Can I measure something with a multimeter, or create a simple circuit to identify the Germanium diodes. That is the current should always flow from the Anode to cathode. What is a Germanium diode? Germanium diode also works similarly to Si diode, but the difference is Germanium has low forward voltage, which results in it being a low power loss and an efficient diode diode. Germanium, like so many materials that are at the heart of today’s radio, TV’s, electronics toys and computers, is a material that conducts electricity much more than an insulator, but not as well as a metal. A higher number indicates recent design. 7v drop. Figure 1-26. The type of diode also has some importance in defining the forward voltage drop; light-emitting diodes can have a much larger V F, while Schottky diodes are designed specifically to have a much lower-than-usual forward voltage. LONDON THREE SHILLINGS NET The sensitivity of previous 76 Ge double beta decay experiments was limited by contaminations in the cryostat and the housing of the germanium diodes. The chemical constituency of the P-N junction comprising the diode accounts for its nominal forward voltage figure, which is why silicon and germanium diodes have such different forward voltages. For example, silicon diodes exhibit a voltage drop of approximately 0. Left: A four-diode bridge rectifier. 3 volts for a germanium diode. European diodes are marked using two or three letters and a number. 7 V for silicon. Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) Peak Inverse Voltage refers to the maximum reverse bias voltage a diode withstands without damaging itself, before breakdown. The Forward and Reverse Bias Characteristics of Germanium Diode are similar to those of a silicon diode, with some important differences. This serves two purposes: (1) it identifies the cathode end of the diode, and (2) it also serves to identify the diode by number. Incorrect voltages may indicate bad or faulty components. Thus it was proposed to operate almost bare germanium diodes in ultrapure liquid nitrogen [1]. An Overview of the 1n60 Germanium Diode. And sometimes referred to as IN34A Diodes or Germanium Detector Diodes. Use the test setup listed here by others to test the diode string. The materials used for anodes vary depending on the type of diode: Silicon Diodes: Boron-doped silicon (P-type) Germanium Diodes: Indium-doped germanium (P-type) Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs): Gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN), or other III-V compound semiconductors Electronics: How to recognize a Germanium Diode?Helpful? Please support me on Patreon: https://www. Connect with us. POINT CONTACT GERMANIUM DIODES Thinki Semiconductor Co 1N60: 3Mb / 2P: Hermetically Sealed Glass Case Point Contact Germanium Diode New Jersey Semi-Conduct 1N53A: 47Kb / 1P: POINT CONTACT COAXIAL MIXER DIODE 1N87A: 68Kb / 1P: GERMANIUM DIODE 1N4502: 92Kb / 1P: GERMANIUM DIODE Central Semiconductor C 1N34A: 51Kb / 1P: GERMANIUM DIODE Aug 1, 2019 · Many glass diodes used to be colour coded, but it was also fairly common to have markings printed on them which were always extremely vulnerable to wearing off due to handling unless the whole diode body was painted, and in more recent years, unmarked (apart from the cathode band) glass diodes have become common. A for germanium, B for Silicon, C for gallium arsenide and R for compound (eg- cadmium sulphate). This article surveys all these diodes, discussing their structures, operations and use case applications. 23 volts under no-load conditions, and very little current (1mA/2mA) will flow through the diode in this state. 4V. Germanium was the material of choice for early transistors and you are likely to find those used in vintage gear made in the mid-seventies and earlier. This table is the information used by MOST diode manufacturers that use color banding on diodes. Again, while the typical forward voltage of germanium diodes is around 0. Jul 23, 2020 · These specially engineered Silicon Diodes - named after German physicist Walter H. %PDF-1. However, the reverse leakage current of a germanium diode is higher than that of a silicon diode, so it is not suitable for high-temperature conditions. Let’s get started. 85 ISBN 0 85934 083 X Printed and bound in Great Britain by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading GP Germanium Power Devices Corp. One of the most conventional applications of a signal diode is as a basic diode switch. Light Emitting Diode T – Diode X – Varactor Diode Y – Power Rectifier Z – Zener DiodeThird letter – Significance The third letter has not been any The letter is used to mention the specialized application of diodes. The maximum current rating is 500mA, with a capacitance of 5pF at 1MHz. 25 to 0. P-N Junction Diode Small Signal Diode Rectifier Diode Schottky Diode Super Barrier Diodes Light Emitting Diode (LED) Photodiode Laser Diode Tunnel Diode Zener Diode Backward Diode Avalanche Diode Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) Diode Gold Doped Diode Constant Current Diode Step Recovery Diode Peltier Or Thermal Diode Vacuum Schottky diodes, a variation of silicon diodes, offer a lower forward voltage drop, addressing this issue to some extent. The first advantage is that it is simple to produce. This is an enhanced version of the ideal-diode model presented earlier (see Figure 2) and it is motivated by the full diode model. e. 7V. For silicon diodes Vg=0. The forward voltage drop of a germanium diode is typically 0. Photodiode - Captures photons to generate current; 3. Given its material properties, these diodes have a typical forward voltage of 0. 7 volts, nominal. Rectifier diode identification chart If any transistor number is AC125 then it is a germanium transistor and if BC148 is a silicon transistor. Atlas DCA55 User Guide April 2016 – Rev 12 Page 8 Diode Networks The Atlas DCA will intelligently identify popular types of three terminal diode networks. 7 V, and a germanium diode has an approximate value of V thr = 0. The 2nd Letter of Nov 26, 2021 · Germanium versus Silicon The material the transistor is made of is critical as well. 2 to 0. 3V for germanium diodes vs 0. 2V & 0. Support Roger on Patreon: https://www. Apr 8, 2023 · A REAL germanium diode will have a forward voltage of only 0. 4 volt Zener diode. Email: [email protected] I am looking at an EQD Special Cranker clone from PedalPCB for my next build (which calls for 1N60P silicon and D9k germanium diodes) but am having trouble sourcing the germanium diodes for a reasonable price. For three terminal devices such as SOT-23 diode networks, the three test clips must all be connected, any way round. 7 under load, and for germanium, it will be up to 0. Germanium Diode. 2N 2222A. 3 Volts. 7 V for Silicon diode; 0. 3. Diodes assumes that the information is accurate, but bears no liability due to incorrect or incomplete information or other errors. 2V seems rather low for a Zener. Nov 2, 2020 · According to wiki, some of the original Thermin modulated the filament current (!) of a diode to control its transconductance and hence volume. These diodes typically have a forward voltage drop between 0. ID International Diode Corp. 2-0. Again, if you're not using the circuit for temperature-sensitive applications, a lot of current or voltage, germanium diodes could replace silicon diodes, especially for home projects, and especially if you are using low power and need to be very efficient with power. Some manufactures that make two color band diodes use the same color bands for different series of diodes. It is typically packaged in a DO-7 case, which makes it easy to identify. Connecting black lead to the anode and red lead to the cathode shows an infinity reading, meaning there is no voltage drop or very, very low voltage drop. 7 Volts and for germanium diodes Vg=0. Most germanium diode color bands just tell you the cathode end of the diode. The peak inverse voltage is also known as peak reverse voltage. For silicon diodes, expect a voltage drop between 0. gfrn sudrx bsdquf vlvq gni fpsps etpk kecj fodw mpd